Becoming Sugar-Free ~ Cited Scientific References

healthy living Sep 07, 2021

Becoming Sugar-Free Is Backed By Science!

Note the 582 citations from published scientific literature and peer-reviewed studies.

Introduction

Goyal, S.K., Samsher, and R.K. Goyal. 2010. Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana) a bio-sweetener: a review. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition. 61(1): 1—10.

Phillips, K.M., M.H. Carlsen, and R. Blomhoff. 2009. Total antioxidant content of alternatives to refined sugar. Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 109(1): 64—71.

Ng, S.W., Slining, M.M., & Popkin, B.M. (2012). Use of caloric and noncaloric sweeteners in US consumer packaged foods, 2005-2009. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics , 112(11), 1828-1834.e1821-1826.

U.S. Food and Drug Administration, . (2004, November). How to Understand and Use the Nutrition Facts Label. Retrieved from http://www.fda.gov/food/ingredienteaspoonackaginglabeling/labelingnutrition/ucm274593.htm

Sigman-Grant, M., & Morita, J. (2003, October). Defining and interpreting intakes of sugars. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition , 78(4), 815S-826S. doi:PMID: 14522745

Food and Drug Administration, U.S. (2012, May 31). Agency Information Collection Activities; Proposed Collection; Comment Request; Experimental Study on Consumer Responses to Nutrition Facts Labels With Various Footnote Formats and Declaration of Amount of Added Sugars. Federal Register , 77, 32120-2. Retrieved from http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2012-05-31/pdf/2012-13141.pdf

Johnson, R.K., Appel, L., Brands, M., Howard, B., Lefevre, M., Lustig, R., Sacks, F., Steffen, L., & Wyllie-Rosett, J. (2009, September 15). Dietary sugars intake and cardiovascular health: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation , 120(11), 1011-20. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192627. Retrieved from http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/120/11/1011.full.pdf

Chapter 1:

Langlois K and Garriguet D. Sugar consumption among Canadians of all ages. Health Rep 2010:22(3):1-5.

Danby FW. Nutrition and aging skin: sugar and glycation. Clin Dermatol. 2010;28(4):409–411. doi:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2010.03.018.

Noble E., Hsu T., Kanoski S. “Gut to brain dysbiosis: mechanisms linking Western diet consumption, the microbiome, and cognitive impairment”. Front Behav Neurosci. 2017: 11; 9.

Potter M., Newport E., Morten K. ”The Warburg effect: 80 years on”. Biochemical Society Transactions. 2016; 44(5): 1499-1505

Chazelas E., et al. “Sugary drink consumption and risk of cancer results from NutriNet-Sante prospective cohort”. BMJ. 2019; 366: I2408.

Kim B., Feldman E. “Insulin resistance in the nervous system”. Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2012: 23(3): 133-144.

De la Monte S., Wands J. « Alzheimer’s disease is type 3 diabetes : evidence reviewed » Journal of diabetes science and technology. 2008: 2(6): 1101-1113

Wise P., Nattress L., Flammer L., Beauchamp G. « Reduced dietary intake of simple sugars alters perceived sweet taste intensity but not perceived pleasantness”. Am J Clin Nutr. 2016; 103(1): 50-60.

Pereira M., et al. “Effect of dietary additives on intestinal permeability in both Drosophila and a human cell co-culture”.Dis Model Mech. 2018: 11(12):1-56

Molteni R., Barnard R., Ying Z., Roberts C., Gomez-Pinilla F. “A high-fat, refied sugar diet reduces hippocampal brain-derived neurotropic factor, neuronal plasticity, and learning”. Neuroscience. 2002: 112(4):803-814.

Goren JL. « Brain-derived neurotrophic factor and schizophrenia”. Ment Health Clin. 2016: 6(6): 285-288.

Knuppel A., Shipley M., Llewellyn C., Brunner E. “Sugar intake from sweet food and benerages, common mental disorder and depression: prospective findings from the Whitehall II study”. Scientific Reports. 2017: 7

Avena NM., Bocarsly ME, Rada P., Kim A., Hoebel BG. “After daily bingeing on a sucrose solution, food deprivation induces anxiety and accumbens dopamine/acetylcholine imbalance”. Physiol Behav. 2008: 94(3): 309-315.

Sanchez A., et al. “Role of sugars in human neutrophilic phagocytosis”. The Am J of Clin Nut. 1973: 26: 1180-1184

Anderson RA, et al. “Urinary chromium excretion and insulinogenic properties of carbohydrates.” Am J Clin Nutr. 51:864–868.

Christakos S, et al. "Vitamin D and intestinal calcium absorption.” Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2011 Dec 5;347(1-2):25-9.

D’Erasmo E, et al. “Calcium homeostasis during oral glucose load in healthy women.” Horm Metab Res. 1999 Apr;31(4):271-3.

Djurhuus MS, et al. “Insulin increases renal magnesium excretion: a possible cause of magnesium depletion in hyperinsulinaemic states.” Diabet Med. 1995 Aug;12(8):664-9.

Douard V, et al. “Chronic high fructose intake reduces serum 1,25 (OH)2D3 levels in calcium-sufficient rodents.” PLoS One. 2014 Apr 9;9(4):e93611.

Douard V, et al. “Dietary fructose inhibits lactation-induced adaptations in rat 1,25-(OH)₂D₃ synthesis and calcium transport.” FASEB J. 2012 Feb;26(2):707-21.

Douard V, et al. “Excessive fructose intake causes 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3)-dependent inhibition of intestinal and renal calcium transport in growing rats.” Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2013 Jun 15;304(12):E1303-13.

Kozlovsky AS, et al. “Effects of diets high in simple sugars on urinary chromium losses.” Metabolism. 1986 Jun;35(6):515-8.

Lemann J, et al. “Evidence that glucose ingestion inhibits net renal tubular reabsorption of calcium and magnesium in man.” J. Clin Invest. 1970 Apr;75(4):578-85.

Lennon EJ & Piering WF. “A comparison of the effects of glucose ingestion and NH4Cl acidosis on urinary calcium and magnesium excretion in man.” J Clin Invest. 1970 Jul;49(7):1458-65.

Lennon EJ, et al. “The effect of glucose on urinary cation excretion during chronic extracellular volume expansion in normal man.” J Clin Invest. 1974 May;53(5):1424-33.

Paolisso G, et al. “Magnesium and glucose homeostasis.” Diabetologia. 1990 Sep;33(9):511-4.

Roth CL, et al. “Vitamin D deficiency in obese rats exacerbates nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and increases hepatic resistin and Toll-like receptor activation.” Hepatology. 2012 Apr;55(4):1103-11.

Swaminathan R. “Magnesium metabolism and its disorders.” Clin Biochem Rev. 2003 May;24(2):47-66.

Wilson JX. “Regulation of vitamin C transport.” Annu Rev Nutr. 2005;25:105-25.

Chapter 2:

Ho Do. M., et al. “High-glucose or -fructose diet cause changes of the gut microbiota and metabolic disorders in mice without body weight change”. Nutrients. 2018: 10(6):761.

Faeh D., Minehira K., Schwarz JM., Periasamy R., Park S., Tappy L. "Effect of fructose overfeeding and fish oil administration on hepatic de novo lipogenesis and insulin sensitivity in healthy men.“ Diabetes. 2005; 54(7): 1907-1013.

Stanhope KL, Schwarz JM., Havel PJ. "Adverse metabolic effects of dietary fructose: results from the recent epidemiological, clinical, and mechanistic studies”. Curr Opin Lipidol. 2013: 24(3): 198-206.

Bantle JP. ”Dietary fructose and metabolic syndrome and diabetes”. J Nutr. 2009: 139(6): 1263S-1268S.

Rippe J., Angelopoulos T. “Relationship between added sugars consumption and chronic disease risk factors: current understanding”. Nutrients. 2016; 8(11): 697.

Bawa A., Anilakumar K. « Genetically modified foods: safety, risks, and public concerns: a review”. J Food Sci Technol. 2013; 50(6): 1035-1046.

Mahoney D., Hiebert J., Pierce J. “Understanding D-ribose and mitochondrial function”. Adv Biosci Clin Med. 2018: 6 (1): 1-5.

Hellsten Y., Skadhauge L., Bangsbo J. “Effect of ribose supplementation on resynthesis of adenine nucleotides after intense intermittent training in humans”. American Journal of Physiology. 2004: R182-188

Teitelbaum JE., Johnson C., St Cyr J. ”The use of D-ribose in chronic fatigue syndrome and fibromyalgia: a pilot study”. J Altern Complement Med. 2006; 12(9): 857-862.

Fisher JS., Geo J., Han DH., Holloszy JO., Notle LA. ”Activation of AMP kinase enhances sensitivity of muscle glucose transport to insulin”. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2002; 282(1): E18-E23.

Molfino A. Cascino A., Conte C., Ramaccini C., Rossi Fanelli F., Laviano A. “Caloric restriction and L-carnitine administration improves insulin sensitivity in patients with impaired glucose metabolism”. J Prenter Enteral Nutr. 2010; 34(3): 295-299.

Gholnari T., Adhadavod E., Soleimani A., Hamidi GA., Sharifi N., Asemi Z. “The effects of Coenzyme Q10 supplementary on glucose metabolism, lipid profiles, inflammation, and oxidative stress in patients with diabetic nephropathy: a randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled trial”. J Am Coll Nutr. 2018; 37(3): 188-193.

Raygan F., Rezavandi Z., Dadkhah Tehrani S., Farrokhian A., Asemi Z. “The effects of coenzyme Q10 administration on glucose homeostatis parameters, lipid profiles, biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress in patients with metabolic syndrome”. Eur J Nutr. 2016; 55(8): 2357-2364.

Trammell S., Scmidt M., Weidemann B., Redpath P., Jaksch F., Dellinger R., Li Z., Abel E., Migaud M., Brenner C. “Nicotinamide riboside is uniquely and orally bioavailable in mice and humans”. Nature Communications. 2016(7).

Sambeat A., et al. “Endogenous nicotinamide riboside metabolism protects against diet-induced liver damage”. Nature communications. 2019; 10.

Leung C., et al. « Soda and cell aging: associations between sugar-sweetened beverage consumption and leukocyte telomere length in healthy adults from the National Health and Nutrition Examination surveys”. Am J Public Health. 2014: 104(12): 2425-2431.

Ortiz-Sanchez J., Cabrera-Chavez F., Calderon de la Barca A. “Maize prolamins could induce a gluten-like cellular immune response in some celiac disease patients”. Nutrients. 2013: 5(10): 4174-4183.

U.S. National Library of Medicine. Lactose Intolerance. Published Feb 11^th, 2020.

Navale A., Paranjape A. “Glucose transporters: physiological and pathological roles". Biophys Rev. 2016 : 8(1) : 5-9.

Fournet M., Bronte F., Desmouliere A. “Glycation damage : a possible hub for major pathophysiological disorders and aging.” Aging Dis 2018: 9(5): 880-900.

Shoelson S., Lee J., Goldfine A. “Inflammation and insulin resistance”. The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 2006; 116(8):2308.

Bonnardel-Phu E., Wautier JL., Vicaut E. "Advanced glycation end products are involved in permeability changes observed in microcirculation of diabetic rats in vivo”. Journal des Maladies Vasculaires. 2000; 25(2): 122-127.

Goldin A., Beckman J., Schmidt A., Creager M. "Advanced glycation end products: sparking the development of diabetic vascular injury”. Circulation. 2006: 114(6): 597-605.

Katta A., et al. “Glycation of lens crystalline protein in the pathogenesis of various forms of cataract”. Biomedical Research. 2009: 20(2): 119-121.

Bron A., et al. “The lens and cataract in diabetes”. International Opthamology Clinics. 1998: 38: 37-67.

Gul A., Rahman M., Nazrul Hasnain S. “The role of fructose concentration on cataractogenesis in senile diabetic and non-diabetic patients”. Graefes Arch Clinc Exp Opthalmol. 2009: 247(6): 809-814.

Madani Z., Sener A., Malaisse W., Dalila A. ”Sardine protein diet increases plasma glucagon-like peptide-1 levels and prevents tissue oxidative stress in rats fed a high-fructose diet”. Mol Med Rep. 2015: 12(5): 7017-7026.

Mesarwi O., et al. “Sleep disorders and the development of insulin resistance and obesity”. Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America. 2013: 42(3): 617-634.

Tamez-Perez H., et al. “Steroid hyperglycemia: prevalence, early detection and therapeutic recommendations: a narrative review”. World Journal of Diabetes. 2015: 6(8): 1073-1081.

De Faria Maraschin J., et al. « Diabetes Mellitus classification ». Arq Bras Cardiol. 2010 : 95(2) : e40-e46.

Kim S., Sharma A., Callaghan W. “Gestational diabetes and childhood obesity: what is the link?” Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol. 2012: 24(6): 376-381.

Logan K., et al. “Development of Early Adiposity in Infants of Mothers With Gestational Diabetes Mellitus”. Diabetes Care. 2016: 39(6): 1045-1051. DOI: 10.2337/dc16-0030

Szymczak I., Sliwinska A. “Analysis of association between Vitamin D deficiency and insulin resistance”. Nutrients. 2019: 11(4): 794.

Quiclet C. et al. « Pancreatic adipocytes mediate hypersecretion of insulin in diabetes-susceptible mice”. Metabolism Clinical and experimental. 2019: 97:9-17

De Cabo R., Mattson M. “Effects of intermittent fasting on health, aging, and disease”. The New England Journal of Medicine. 2019: 381: 2541-2551

Avena N., Bocarsly M., Rada P., Kim A., Hoebel B. “After daily bingeing on a sucrose solution, food deprivation induces anxiety and accumbens dopamine/acetylcholine imbalance”. Physiol. Behav. 2008; 94(3): 309-315.

Daghestani M. “A preprandial and postprandial plasma levels of ghrelin hormone in lean, overweight and obese Saudi females”. Journal of King Saud University. 2009: 21(2): 119-124.

Stubbs BJ., et al. “A ketone ester drink lowers human ghrelin and appetite”. Obesity. 2018: 26(2): 269-273.

Ma X., et al. “Ghrelin receptor regulates HFCS-induced adipose inflammation and insulin resistance”. Nut Driabetes. 2013: 23:e99.

Gannon MC., Nuttall FQ. “Effect of a high-protein diet on ghrelin, growth hormone, and insulin-like growth factor-I and bindings proteins 1 and 3 in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus”. Metabolism. 20111: 60(9):1300-1311.

Considine RV, et al. “Serum immunoreactive-leptin concentrations in normal-weight and obese humans”. N Engl J Med. 1996: 334(5): 292-295.

Allison M., Myers M. “20 years of leptin: connecting leptin signaling to biological function”. Journal of Endocrinology. 2014: 223(1): T25-T35.

Huerta AE., et al. “Effects of alpha-lipoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid in overweight and obese women during weight loss”. Obesity. 2015: 23(2): 313-321.

Klok MD., Jakobsdottir S., Drent ML. ”The role of leptin and ghrelin in the regulation of food intake and body weight in humans: a review”. Obes Rev. 2007: 8(1): 21-34.

Stephen J Schoenthaler et al, 1997. The Effect of Randomized Vitamin-Mineral Supplementation on Violent and Non-violent Antisocial Behavior Among Incarcerated Juveniles. Journal of Nutritional and Environmental Medicine, vol 7 pp343-352.

Avena N., Rada P., Hoebel B. “Evidence for sugar addiction: behavioral and neurochemical effects of intermittent, excessive sugar intake”. Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews. 2008: 32(1): 20-39.

Wiss D., Avena N., Rada P. ”Sugar addiction: from evolution to revolution”. Front Psychiatry. 2018: 9: 545.

Lenoir M., et al. “Intense sweetness surpasses cocaine reward”. PLoS ONE. 2007: 2(8): e698

Gearhardt A., et al. “Neural Correlates of Food Addiction”. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2011: 68(8): 808-816.

Mofidi A., et al. “The acute impact of ingestion of sourdough and whole-grain breads on blood glucose, insulin, and incredints in overweight and obese men”. J Nutr Metab. 2012: 184710.

Monique P., Cher C., Sarah P. "The healthfulness and prominence of sugar in child-targeted breakfast cereals in Canada”. Health Promot Chronic Dis Prev Can. 2017: 37(9): 266-273

Considine RV., et al. “Serum immunoreactive-leptin concentrations in normal-weight and obese humans”. N Engl J Med. 1996: 334(5): 292-295.

Davis, William. Wheat Belly: Lose the Wheat, Lose the Weight, and Find Your Path Back to Health. Rodale, 2019.

Chapter 2:

FODMAP references:

O’Keeffe M., Jansen C., Martin L., Williams M., Seamark L., Staudacher H., Irving P., Whelan K., Lomer M. “Long-term impact of the low-FODMAP Diet on gastrointestinal symptoms, dietary intake, patient acceptability, and healthcare utilization in irritable bowel syndrome”. Neurogastroenterology & Motility. 2017. 30(1).

Gibson P., Shepherd S. “Evidence-based dietary management of functional gastrointestinal symptoms: The FODMAP approach”. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. (2010); 25: 252-258.

Muir P., Gibson P. “Controversies and recent developments of the low-FODMAP Diet”. Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017; 13(1): 36-45.

Rao SS, Yu S, Fedewa A (2015). "Systematic review: dietary fibre and FODMAP-restricted diet in the management of constipation and irritable bowel syndrome". Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 41 (12): 1256–70.

Heiman ML, Greenway FL (2016). "A healthy gastrointestinal microbiome is dependent on dietary diversity". Mol Metab (Review). 5 (5): 317–320.

Brouns F., Delzenne N., Gibson G. “The dietary fibers – FODMAPs controversy”. Cereal Food World. 2017; 62(3): 98-103.

Slavin J. “Fiber and prebiotics: mechanisms and health benefits”. Nutrients. (2013); 5: 1417-1435.

Chapter 3:

Raw Honey (Apis mellifera products)

Bilsel, Y., D. Bugra, S. Yamaner, T. Bulut, U. Cevikbas, and U. Turkoglu. 2002. Could honey have a place in colitis therapy? Effects of honey, prednisolone, and disulfiram on inflammation, nitric oxide, and free radical formation. Digestive Surgery. 19(4): 306—312. In G. Pipicelli and P. Tatti. 2009. Therapeutic properties of honey. Health. 1(2): 281—283.

Bogdanov, S., T. Jurendic, R. SIeber, and P. Gallmann. 2008. Honey for nutrition and health: a review. Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 27(6): 677–-689.

Cooper, R. 2007. Honey in wound care: antibacterial properties. GMS Krankenhhyg Interdiszip. 2(2): Doc. 51. 3 pp.

Ezz El-Arab, A.M., S.M. Girgis, E.M. Hagazy and A.B. Abd El-Khalek. 2006. Effect of dietary honey on intestinal microflora and toxicity of mycotoxins in mice. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 6: 6.

Hamdy, A.A., H.M. Ismail, A. El-Moneim A. Al-Ahwal, and N.F. Gomaa. 2009. Determination of flavonoid and phenolic acid contents of clover, cotton and citrus floral honeys. Journal of the Egyptian Public Health Association. 84(3&4): 245—259.

Molan, P.C., and J.A. Betts. 2004. Clinical usage of honey as a wound dressing: an update. Journal of Wound Care. 13(9): 353—356.

Münstedt, K., S. Hoffmann, A. Hauenschild, M. Bülte, R. von Georgi, and A. Hackethal. 2009. Effect of honey on serum cholesterol and lipid values. Journal of Medicinal Food. 12(3): 624—628.

Pipicelli, G. and P. Tatti. 2009. Therapeutic properties of honey. Health. 1(2): 281—283.

Ruiz-Matute, A.I., S. Rodríguez-Sánchez, M.L. Sanz, I. Martínez-Castro. 2010. Detection of adulterations of honey with high fructose syrups from inulin by GC analysis. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis. 23(3): 273—276.

Ruiz-Matute, A.I., M. Weiss, D. Sammataro, J. Finely, and M.L. Sanz. 2010. Carbohydrate composition of high-fructose corn syrups (HFCS) used for bee feeding: effect on honey composition. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 58(12): 7317—7322.

Yaghoobi. N., N. Al-Waili, M. Ghayour-Mobarhan, S.M. Parizadeh, Z. Abasalti, Z. Yaghoobi, F. Yaghoobi, H. Esmaeili, S.M. Kazemi-Bajestani, R. Aghasizadeh, K.Y. Saloom, and G.A. Ferns. 2008. Natural honey and cardiovascular risk factors; effects on blood glucose, cholesterol, triacylglycerole, CRP, and body weight compared with sucrose. Scientific World Journal. 8: 463–469.

Licorice (Glycyrrhiza spp.)

Al-Dujaili, E.A.S., C.J. Kenyon, M.R. Nicol, and J.I. Mason. 2011. Liquorice and glycyrrhetinic acid increase DHEA and deoxycorticosterone levels in vivo and in vitro by inhibiting adrenal SULT2A1 activity. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology. 336(1—2): 102—109.

Amabile, C.M., and A.P. Spencer. 2010. Keeping your patient with heart failure safe. A review of potentially dangerous medications. Archives of Internal Medicine. 164(7): 709—720.

Choi, H.J., M.R. Seon, S.S. Lim, J-S. Kim, H.S. Chun, and J.H.Y. Park. 2008. Hexane/ethanol extract of Glycyrrhiza uralensis licorice suppresses doxorubicin-induced apoptosis in H9c2 rat cardiac myoblasts. Experimental Biology and Medicine. 233(12): 1554—1560.

D’Angelo, S., A. Morana, A. Salvatore, V. Zappia, and P. Galletti. 2009. Protective effect of polyphenols from Glycyrrhiza glabra against oxidative stress in Caco-2 cells. Journal of Medicinal Food. 12(6): 1326—1333.

Eu, C.H.A., W.Y.A. Lim, S.H. Ton, and K. bin Abdul Kadir. 2010. Glycyrrhizic acid improved lipoprotein lipase expression, insulin sensitivity, serum lipid and lipid deposition in high-fat diet-induced obese rats. Lipids in Health and Disease. 9:81.

Fuhrman, B., N. Volkova, M. Kaplan, D. Presser, J. Attias, T. Hayek, and M. Aviram. 2004. Antiatherosclerotic effects of licorice extract supplementation on hypercholesterolemic patients: increased resistance of LDL to atherogenic modifications, reduced plasma lipid levels, and decreased systolic blood pressure. Nutrition. 18(3): 268—273.

He, J., L. Chen, D. Heber, W. Shi, Q-Y. Lu. 2006. Antibacterial compounds from Glycyrrhiza uralensis. Journal of Natural Products. 69(1): 121—124.

Hu, C., H. liu, J. Du, B. Mo, H. Qi, X. Wang, S. Ye, and Z. Li, 2009. Estrogenic activities of extracts of Chinese licorice (Glycyrrhiza uralensis) root in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Journal of Steroid Biochemistry & Molecular Biology. 113 (3—5): 209–216.

Isobrucker, R.A., and G.A. Burdock. 2006. Risk and safety assessment on the consumption of Licorice root (Glycyrrhiza spp.), its extract and powder as a food ingredient, with emphasis on the pharmacology and toxicology of glycyrrhizin. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology. 46(3): 167—192.

Kim, K.R., C-K. Jeong, K-K. Park, J-H. Choi, J.H.Y. Park, S.S. Lim, and W-Y. Chung. 2010. Anti-inflammatory effects of licorice and roasted licorice extracts on TPA-induced acute inflammation and collagen-induced arthritis in mice. Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology. 2010(Article ID 709378): 8 pp.

Ko, B-S., J.S. Jang, S.M. Hong, S.R. Sung, J.E. Lee, M.Y. Lee, W.K. Jeong, and S. Park. 2007. Changes in components, glycyrrhizin and glygyrrhetinic acid in raw Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch, modify insulin sensitizing and insulinotropic actions. Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry. 71(6): 1452—1461.

Oulomi, M.M., A. Derakhshanfar, and A. Nikpoor. 2007. Healing potential of liquorice root extract on dermal wounds in rats. Journal of Veterinary Research. 62(4): 147—154.

Sato, S., H. Ikeda, H. Furukawa, Y. Murata, and M. Tomoda. 2004. The effects of nutrient solution concentration on inorganic and glycyrrhizin contents of Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn. Yakugaku Zasshi. 124(10): 705—709.

Sena, S. F. 2001. Licorice and laboratory tests. Chapter 11, pages 255—272. In A. Dasgupta and C.A. Hammett-Stabler (eds). Herbal Supplements. Efficacy, Toxicity, and Interactions with Western Drugs and Effects on Clinical Laboratory Tests. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ.

Scientific Committee on Food. 2003. Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Food on glycyrrhizic acid and its ammonium salt. European Commission Health and Consumer Protection Directorate-General. SCF/CS/ADD/EDUL/225 Final. 41 pages.

Størmer, F.C., R. Reistad, and J. Alexander. 1993. Glycyrrhizic acid in liquorice—evaluation of health hazard. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 31(4): 303—312.

Tiger Nut (Cyperus esculentus)

Adejuyitan, J.A. 2011. Tigernut processing: its uses and health benefits. American Journal of Food Technology. 6(3): 197—201.

Arafat, S.M., A.M. Gaafar, A.M. Basuny, and S.L. Nassef. 2009. Chufa tubers (Cyperus esculentus L.): as a new source of food. World Applied Sciences Journal. 7(2): 151—156.

Chukwuma, E.R., N. Oboima, and O.I. Christopher. 2010. The phytochemical composition and some biochemical effects of Nigerian tigernut (Cyperus esculentus L.) tuber. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition. 9(7): 709—715.

Coskuner, Y., R. Ercan, E. karababa, and A.N. Nazlican. Physical and chemical properties of chufa (Cyperus esculentus L.) tubers grown in the Cukurova region of Turkey. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 82(6): 625—631.

Glew, R.H., R.S. Glew, L.-T. Chuang, Y.-S. Huang, M. Millson, D. Constans, and D.J. Vanderjagt. 2006. Amino acid, mineral and fatty acid content of pumpkin seeds (Cucurbita spp) and Cyperus esculentus nuts in the Republic of Niger. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition. 61(2): 51—56.

Yang, X., S-Y. Li, F. Dong, J. Ren, and N. Sreejayan. 2006. Insulin-sensitizing and cholesterol lowering effects of chromium (D-Phenylalanine)₃. Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry. 100(7): 1187—1193.

Yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius)

Lachman, J., E.C. Fernández, and M. Orsák. 2003. Yacon [Smallanthus sonchifolia (Poepp. et Endl.) H. Robinson] chemical composition and use—a review. Plant, Soil and Environment. 49(6): 283—290.

Lobo, A.R., C. Colli, E.P. Alvares, and T.M.C.C. Filisetti. 2007. Effects of fructans-containing yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius Poepp & Endl.) flour on caecum mucosal morphometry, calcium and magnesium balance, and bone calcium retention in growing rats. British Journal of Nutrition. 97(4): 776—785.

Mentreddy, S.R., 2007. Medicinal plant species with potential antidiabetic properties. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 87(5): 743—750.

Valentová, K., and J. Ulrichová. 2003. Smallanthus sonchifolius and Lepidium meyenii—prospective Andean crops for the prevention of chronic diseases. Biomedical Papers of the Medical Faculty of the University of Palacky, Olomouc Czech Republic. 147(2): 119—130.

Syrup from Maple (Acer spp.) & Other Trees

Ball, D.W. 2007. The chemical composition of maple syrup. Journal of Chemical Education. 84(10): 1647—1650.

Bassaganya-Riera, J., A.J. Guri, and R. Hontecillas. 2011. Treatment of obesity-related complications with novel classes of naturally occurring PPAR agonists. Journal of Obesity. 2011(Article ID 897894): 7 pages.

Bruzzone, S., N Bodrato, C. Usai, L. Guida, I. Moreshi, R. Nano, B. Antonioli, F. Fruscione, M. Magnoe, S. Scarfi, A. De Flora, and E. Zocchi. 2008. Abscisic acid is an endogenous stimulator of insulin release from human pancreatic islets with cyclic ADP ribose as second messenger. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 283(47): 32188—32197.

Davison, R.M., and H. Young. 1973. Abscisic-acid content of xylem sap. Planta. 109(1): 95—98.

Guri, A.J., R. Hontecillas, H. Si, D. Liu, and J. Bassaganya-Riera. 2007. Dietary abscisic acid ameliorates glucose tolerance and obesity-related inflammation in db/db mice fed high-fat diets. Clinical Nutrition. 26(1): 107—116.

Li, L., and N.P. Seeram. 2011. Further investigation into maple syrup yields 3 new ligans, a new phenulpropanoid, and 26 other phytochemicals. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 59(14): 7708—7716.

Phillips, K.M., M.H. Carlsen, and R. Blomhoff. 2009. Total antioxidant content of alternatives to refined sugar. Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 109(1): 64—71.

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Coconut (Cocos nucifera) Sugar & Saps from Other Palm (Arecaceae species)

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Brown Rice (Oryza sativa) Malt & Syrup

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Unrefined Sugarcane (Saccharum spp.)

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Molasses (Saccharum spp.)

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Date (Phoenix dactylifera) Sugar

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Ahmed, S.H., and J.B. Rocha. 2009. Antioxidant properties of water Extracts for the Iraqi plants Phoenix dactylifera, Loranthus europeas, Zingiber officinalis and Citrus aurantifolia. Modern Applied Science. 3(3): 161—166.

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Majid, A.S., P. Marzieh, D. Shahriar, S.K. Zahed, and K.T. Pari. 2008. Neuroprotective effects of aqueous date fruit extract on focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences. 24(5): 661—665.

Puri, A., R. Sahai, K.L. Singh, R.P. Saxena, J.S. Tandon, and K.C. Saxena. 2000. Immunostimulant activity of dry fruits and plant materials used in Indian traditional medical system for mothers after child birth and invalids. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 71(1—2): 89—92.

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Monk Fruit AKA Lo Han Quo (Siraitia grosvenorii)

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Suzuki, Y.A., M. Tomoda, Y. Murata, H. Inui, M. Sugiura, and Y. Nakano. 2007. Antidiabetic effect of long-term supplementation with Siraitia grosvenori on the spontaneously diabetic Goto–Kakizaki rat. British Journal of Nutrition. 97(4): 770—775.

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Ying, Z., Z. Yan, E. Jeff, and H. Chi-fu. 2009. Insulin secretion stimulating effects of mogroside V and fruit extract of luo han kuo (Siraitia grosvenori Swingle) fruit extract. Yao Xue Xue Bao (Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica). 44(11): 1252—1257.

Lucuma (Pouteria lucuma)

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Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana)

Abudula, R., P.B. Jeppesen, S.E.D. Rolfsen, J. Xiao, and K. Hermansen. 2004. Rebaudioside A potently stimulates insulin secretion from isolated mouse islets: studies on the dose-, glucose-, and calcium-dependency. Metabolism Clinical and Experimental. 53(10): 1378—1381.

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Ferreira, E.B., F. de A.R. Neves, M.A.D. de Costa, W.A. do Prado, L. de A.F. Ferri, and R.B. Bazotte. 2006. Comparative effects of Stevia rebaudiana leaves and stevioside on glycaemia and hepatic gluconeogenesis. Planta Medica. 72(8): 691—696.

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Geeraert, B., F. Crombe, M. Hulsmans, N. Benhabilès, J.M. Geuns, P. Holvoet. 2010. Stevioside inhibits atherosclerosis by improving insulin signaling and antioxidant defense in obese insulin-resistant mice. International Journal of Obesity. 34(3): 569—577.

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Gregersen, S., P.B. Jeppesen, J.J. Holst, and K. Hermansen. 2004. Antihyperglycemic effects of stevioside in type 2 diabetic subjects. Metabolism. 53(1): 73—76.

Huxtable, R.J. 2002. Pharmacology and toxicology of stevioside, rebaudioside A, and steviol. Chapter 8. Pp. 160—177. A.D. Kinghorn (ed.). Stevia: The Genus Stevia. CRC Press. Taylor & Francis. Boca Raton, FL.

Jeppesen, P.B., S. Gregersen, C.R. Poulsen, and K. Hermansen. 2000. Stevioside acts directly on pancreatic b cells to secrete insulin: actions independent of cyclic adenosine monophosphate and adenosine triphosphate-sensitive K⁺-channel activity. Metabolism. 49(2): 208—214.

Jeppesen, P.B., S. Gregersen, K.K. Alstrup, and K. Hermansen. 2002. Stevioside induces antihyperglycaemic, insulinotropic and glucagonostatic effects in vivo: studies in the diabetic Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rats. Phytomedicine. 9(1): 9—14.

Jeppesen, P.B., S. Gregersen, S.E.D. Rolfsen, M. Jepsen, M. Colombo, A. Agger, J. Xiao, M. Kruhøffer, T. Ørntoft, and K. Hermansen, 2003. Antihyperglycemic and blood pressure-reducing effects of stevioside in the diabetic Goto-Kakizaki rat. Metabolism. 52(3): 372—378.

Konoshima, T., and M. Takasaki. 2002. Cancer-chemopreventive effects of natural sweeteners and related compounds. Pure and Applied Chemistry. 74(7): 1309—1316.

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Michalik, A., J. Hollinshead, L. Jones, G.W.J. Fleet, C-Y. Yu, X-G. Hu, R. van Well, G. Horne, F.X. Wilson, A. Kato, S.F. Jenkison. R.J. Nash. 2010. Steviamine, a new indolizine alkaloid from Stevia rebaudiana. Phytochemistry Letters. 3(3): 136—138.

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Carob (Ceratonia siliqua)

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Al-Aboudi, A. and F.U. Afifi. 2011. Plants used for the treatment of diabetes in Jordan: a review of scientific evidence. Pharmaceutical Biology. 49(3): 221—239.

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Bates, S.H., R.B. Jones, and C.J. Bailey. 2000. Insulin-like effect of pinitol. British Journal of Pharmacology. 130(8): 1944—1948.

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Mesquite (Prosopis spp.)

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Miracle Berry (Synsepalum dulcificum)

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Lawal, I.O., N.E. Uzokwe, A.B.I. Igboanugo, A.F. Adio, E.A. Awosan, J.O. Nwogwugwu, B. Faloya, B.P. Olatunji, and A.A. Adesoga. 2010. Ethnomedicinal information on collation and identification of some medicinal plants in research institutes of south-west Nigeria. African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 4(1): 1—7.

Sugaya, T., M. Yano, H.-J. Sun, T. Hirai, H. Ezura. 2008. Transgenic strawberry expressing the taste-modifying protein miraculin. Plant Biotechnology. 25(4): 329—333.

Wang, H.-M., Y.-T. Chou, Z.-L. Hong, H.-A. Chen. Y.-C. Chang, W.-L. Yang, H.-C. Chang, C.-T. Mai, and C.-Y. Chen. 2011. Bioconstituents from stems of Synsepalum dulcificum Daniell (Sapotaceae) inhibit human melanoma proliferation, reduce mushroom tyrosinase activity and have antioxidant properties. Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers. 42(2): 204—211.

Yamamoto, C., H. Nagai, K. Takahashi, S. Nakagawa, M. Yamaguchi, M. Tonoike, and T. Yamamoto. 2006. Cortical representation of taste-modifying action of miracle fruit in humans. NeuroImage. 33(4): 1145—1151.

Oubli (Pentadiplandra brazzeana)

Faus, I. 2000. Recent developments in the characterization and biotechnological production of sweet-tasting proteins. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 53(2): 145—151.

Hellekant, G., and V. Nailova. 2005. Brazzein a small, sweet protein: discovery and physiological overview. Chemical Senses. 30(Suppl. 1): i88—i89.

Mabeku, L.B.K., K.J. Roger, and O.E.J. Louis. 2011. Screening of some plants used in the Cameroonian folk medicine for the treatment of infectious diseases. International Journal of Biology. 3(4): 13—21.

Ming, D., and G. Hellekant. 1994. Brazzein, a new high-potency thermostable sweet protein from Pentadiplandra brazzeana B. FEBS Letters. 355(1): 106—108.

Nantia, E.A., P.F. Moundipa, T.K. Monsees, and S. Carreau. 2009. Medicinal plants as potential male anti-infertility agents: a review. Andrologie. 19(3): 148—158.

Noumi, E. and T.W. Dibakto. 2000. Medicinal plants used for peptic ulcer in the Bangangte region, western Cameroon. Fitoterapia. 71(4): 406—412.

Pfeiffer, J.F., R.B. Boulton, and A.C. Noble. 2000. Modeling the sweetness response using time-intensity data. Food Quality and Preference. 11(1—2): 129—138.

Telefo, P.B., L.L. Lienou, M.D. Yemele, M.C. Lemfack, C. Mouokeu, C.S. Goka, S.R. Tagne, and F.P. Moundipa. 2011. Ethnopharmacological survey of plants used for the treatment of female infertility in Baham, Cameroon. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 136(1): 178—187.

Sugar Alcohols

Kearsley, M.W., and R.C. Deis. 2008. Maltitol and maltitol syrups. Chapter 12, pages 223—248. In H. Mitchell (ed). Sweeteners and Sugar Alternatives in Food Technology. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Ames, IA.

Kearsley, M.W., and R.C. Deis. 2008. Sorbitol and Mannitol. Chapter 13, pages 249—261. In H. Mitchell (ed). Sweeteners and Sugar Alternatives in Food Technology. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Ames, IA.

Erythritol

Arrigoni, E., F. Brouns and R. Amadò. 2005. Human gut microbiota does not ferment erythritol. British Journal of Nutrition. 94(5): 643—646.

Bernt, W.O., J.F. Borzelleca, G. Flamm, and I.C. Munro. 1996. Erythritol: a review of biological and toxicological studies. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology. 24(2 Part 2): S191—S197.

Bornet, F.R.J., A. Blayo, F. Dauchy, and G. Slama. 1996. Gastrointestinal response and plasma and urine determinations in human subjects given erythritol. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology. 24(2 Part 2): S296—S302.

den Hartog, G.J.M., A.W. Boots, A. Adam-Perrot, F. Brouns, I.W.C.M. Verkooijen, A.R.Weseler, G.R.M.M. Haenen, and A. Bast. 2010. Erythritol is a sweet antioxidant. Nutrition. 26(4): 449–458.

European Food Safety Association (EFSA) Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources (ANS). 2010. Statement in relation to the safety of erythritol (E 968) in light of new data, including a new paediatric study on the gastrointestinal tolerability of erythritol. EFSA Journal. 8(7): 1650.

European Commission. 2003. Opinion of the scientific committee on food on erythritol. EU Health and Consumer Protection Directorate-General. Scientific Committee on Food. Brussel, Belgium. 25 pp.

Hiele, M., Y. Ghoos, P. Rutgeers, and G. Vantrapen. 1993. Metabolism of erythritol in humans: comparisons with glucose and lactitol. British Journal of Nutrition. 69(1):169—176.

Horning, E.C., M.G. Horning, J. Szafranek, P. Van Hout, A.L. German, J.P. Thenot, and C.D. Pfaffenberger. 1974. Gas phase analytical methods for the study of human metabolites. Metabolic profiles obtained by open tubular capillary chromatography. Journal of Chromatography. 91: 367—378.

Ichikawa, T., Y. Yano, Y. Fujita, T. Kashiwabara, and K. Nagao. 2008. The enhancement effect of three sugar alcohols on the fungicidal effect of benzethonium chloride toward Candida albicans. Journal of Dentistry. 36(11): 965—968.

Livesy, G. 2003. Health potential of polyols as sugar replacers, with emphasis on low glycaemic properties. Nutrition Research Reviews. 16(2): 163–191.

Mäkinen, K.K. 2010. Sugar alcohols, caries incidence, and remineralization of caries Lesions: a literature review. International Journal of Dentistry. Volume 2010, Article ID 981072, 23 pages.

Moon, H.-J., M. Jeya, I.-W. Kim, and J.-K. Lee. 2010. Biotechnological production of erythritol and its applications. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 86(4): 1017–1025.

Munro, I.C., W.O. Bernt, J.F. Borzelleca, G. Flamm, B.S. Lynch, E. Kennepohl, E.A. Bär, and J. Modderman. 1998. Erythritol: an interpretive summary of biochemical, metabolic, toxicological and clinical data. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 36(12): 1139—1174.

Oku, T., and K. Noda. 1990. Influence of chronic ingestion of newly developed sweetener, erythritol on growth and gastrointestinal function of the rats. Nutrition Research. 10: 987—996.

Oku, T., and M. Okazaki. 1996. Laxative threshold of sugar alcohol erythritol in human subjects. Nutrition Research. 16(4): 577—589.

Spencer, N. 1967. Ion exchange chromatography of polyols. Journal of Chromatography. 30(2): 566—571.

Storey, D., A. Lee, F. Bornet, and F. Brouns. 2006. Gastrointestinal tolerance of erythritol and xylitol ingested in a liquid. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 61(3): 349—354.

Yokozawa, T., H. Y. Kim, and E. J. Cho. 2002. Erythritol attenuates the diabetic oxidative stress through modulating glucose metabolism and lipid peroxidation in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 50(19): 5485—5489.

Mannitol

Hayes, M.L., and K.R. Roberts. 1978. The breakdown of glucose, xylitol and other sugar alcohols by human dental plaque bacteria. Archives of Oral Biology. 23(6): 445—451.

Livesey, G. 2008. Glycaemic responses and toleration. Chapter 1, pages 3—18. In H. Mitchell (ed). Sweeteners and Sugar Alternatives in Food Technology. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Ames, IA.

Stowell, J. 2008. Calorie control and weight management. Chapter 4, pages 55—61. In H. Mitchell (ed). Sweeteners and Sugar Alternatives in Food Technology. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Ames, IA.

Wisselink, H.W., R.A. Weusthius, G. Eggink, J. Hugenholtz, and G.J. Grobben. 2002. Mannitol production by lactic acid bacteria: a review. International Dairy Journal 12(2—3): 151—161.

Sorbitol

Bhanuprakash Reddy, G., A. Satyanarayana, N. Balakrishna, R. Ayyagari, M. Padma, K. Viswanath, and J.M. Petrash. 2008. Erythrocyte aldose reductase activity and sorbitol levels in diabetic retinopathy. Molecular Vision. 14: 593—601.

Fernández-Bañares, F., M. Esteve, and J.M. Viver. 2009. Fructose-sorbitol malabsorption. Current Gastroenterology Reports. 11(5): 368—374.

Hagopian, K., J.J. Ramsey, and R. Weindruch. 2009. Caloric restriction counteracts age-related changes in the activity of sorbitol metabolizing enzymes from mouse liver. Biogerontology. 10(4): 471—479.

Hayes, M.L., and K.R. Roberts. 1978. The breakdown of glucose, xylitol and other sugar alcohols by human dental plaque bacteria. Archives of Oral Biology. 23(6): 445—451.

Hogg, S.D., and A.J. Rugg-Gunn. 1991. Can the oral flora adapt to sorbitol? Journal of Dentistry. 19(5): 263—271.

Livesey, G. 2008. Glycaemic responses and toleration. Chapter 1, pages 3—18. In H. Mitchell (ed). Sweeteners and Sugar Alternatives in Food Technology. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Ames, IA.

Maguire, A. 2008. Dental health. Chapter 2, pages 20—43. In H. Mitchell (ed). Sweeteners and Sugar Alternatives in Food Technology. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Ames, IA.

Ouyang, X., P. Cirillo, Y. Sautin, S. McCall, J.L. Bruchette, A.M. Diehl, R.J. Johnson, and F. Abdelmalek. 2008. Fructose consumption as a risk factor for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Journal of Hepatology. 48(6): 993—999.

Xylitol

Bais, R., H. M. James, A. M. Rofe, and R. A. J. Conyers. 1985. The purification and properties of human liver ketohexokinase. A role for ketohexokinase and fructose-bisphosphate aldolase in the metabolic production of oxalate from xylitol. Biochemical Journal. 230(1): 53—60.

Brown, C. L., S. M. Graham, B. B. Cable, E. A. Ozer, P. J. Taft, and J Zabner. 2004. Xylitol enhances bacterial killing in the rabbit maxillary sinus. The Laryngoscope. 114(11): 2021—2024.

Burt, B. A. 2009. The use of sorbitol- and xylitol-sweetened chewing gum in caries control. Journal of the American Dental Association. 137(2): 190—196.

Çaglar, E., S. C. Kavaloglu & O. O. Kuscu & N. Sandalli & P. L. Holgerson & S. Twetman. 2007. Effect of chewing gums containing xylitol or probiotic bacteria on salivary mutans streptococci and lactobacilli. Clinical Oral Investigation. 11(4): 425—429.

Carvalho, W., L. Canilha, and S. S. da Silva. 2007. Semi-continuous xylitol bioproduction in sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate: effect of nutritional supplementation. Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 43(1): 47—53.

Dunayer, E. K. 2006. New findings on the effects of xylitol ingestion in dogs. Veterinary Medicine. 101(12): 791—796.

Ferreira, A. S., M. A. de Souza, N. R. B. Raposo, A. P. Ferrerira, and S. S. da Silva. 2011. Xylitol inhibits J774A.1 macrophage adhesion in vitro. Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology. 54(6): 1211—1216.

Isokangas, P., E. Soderling, K. Pienihakkinen and P. Alanen. 2000. Occurrence of dental decay in children after maternal consumption of xylitol chewing gum, a follow-up from 0 to 5 years of age. Journal of Dental Research. 79(11): 1885—1889.

Karhumaa, K., R. Garcia Sanchez, B. Hahn-Hägerdal, and M. F. Gorwa-Grauslund. 2007. Comparison of the xylose reductase-xylitol dehydrogenase and the xylose isomerase pathways for xylose fermentation by recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Microbial Cell Factories. 6: 5.

Kurola, P., T, Tapiainen, T. Kaijalainen, M. Uhari, and A. Saukkoriipi. 2009. Xylitol and capsular gene expression in Streptococcus pneumoniae. Journal of Medical Microbiology. 58(11): 1470—1473.

Ly, K. A., C. A. Riedy, P. Milgrom, M. Rothen, M. C. Roberts, and L. Zhou. 2008. Xylitol gummy bear snacks: a school-based randomized clinical trial. BMC Oral Health. 8:20.

Mäkinen, K. K. 2000. The rocky road of xylitol to its clinical application. Journal of Dental Research. 79(6): 1352—1355.

Milgrom, P., K. A. Ly, O. K. Tut, L. Mancl, M. C. Roberts, K. Briand, and M. J. Gancio. 2010. Xylitol pediatric topical oral syrup to prevent dental caries: a double blind, randomized clinical trial of efficacy. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine. 163(7): 601—607.

Sezen, O. S., H. Katanci, G. Eraslan, T. Coskuner, U. Kubilay, S. Aydin, and S. Ünver. 2008. Xylitol containing chewing gums in the management of chronic otits media with effusion. The Mediterranean Journal of Otology. 4: 203—210.

Twetman, S. 2009. The role of xylitol in patient caries management. Oralprophylaxe & Kinderzahnheilkunde. 31(3): 122—127.

Vernacchio, L., R. M. Vezina, and A. A. Mitchell. 2007. Tolerability of oral solution in young children: implications for otitis media prophylaxis. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology. 71(1): 89—94.

Weissman, J. D., F. Fernandez, and P. H. Hwang. 2011. Xylitol nasal irrigation in the management of chronic rhinosinusitis: a pilot study. The Laryngoscope. 121(11): 2486—2472.

Artificial Sweetener References

Spender M, Gupta A., Van Dam L, Shannon C, Chey W. “Artificial Sweeteners: A Systematic Review and Primer for Gastroenterologists”. J Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2016; 22(2):168-180.

Bian X, Chi L, Gao B, Tu P, Ru H, Lu K (2017) The artificial sweetener acesulfame potassium affects the gut microbiome and body weight gain in CD-1 mice. PLoS ONE 12(6): e0178426.

Cong W-n, Wang R, Cai H, Daimon CM, Scheibye-Knudsen M, Bohr VA, et al. (2013) Long-Term Artificial Sweetener Acesulfame Potassium Treatment Alters Neurometabolic Functions in C57BL/6J Mice. PLoS ONE 8(8): e70257.

Zheng Y., Sarr M. “Effect of the artificial sweetener, Acesulfame Potassium, a sweet taste receptor agonist, on glucose uptake in small intestinal cell lines”. J Gastrointest Surg. 2013; 17(1): 153-158.

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Corn References:

Cabrera-Chavez F., Rouzaud-Sandez O., Sotelo-Cruz N., Calderon de la Barca A. “Transglutaminase treatment of wheat and maize prolamins of bread increases the serum IgA reactivity of Celiac disease patients.” Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. (2008); 56: 1387-1391.

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Ortiz-Sanchez J., Cabrera-Chavez F., Calderon de la Barca A. “Maize prolamins could induce a gluten-like cellular immune response in some celiac disease patients.” Nutrients. (2013); 5: 4174-4183.

Allulose References

Hayashi N., et al. “Study on the postprandial blood glucose suppression effect of D-psicose in borderline diabetes and the safety of long-term ingestion by normal human subjects”. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2010; 74(3): 510-519.

Iida T., et al. “Acute D-psicose aadministration decreases the glycemic responses to an oral maltodextrin tolerance test in normal adults”. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol. 2008; 54(6): 511-514.

Yagi K., Matsuo T. “The study on long-term toxicity of d-psicose in rats”. J Clin Biochem Nutr. 2009: 45(3): 271-277.

Matsuo T., Ishii R., Shirai Y. “The 90-day oral toxicity of d-psicose in male Wistar rats”. J. Clin Biochem Nutr. 2012: 50(2): 158-161.

Williamson P., Schunk T, Woodyer R., Chiuu D., Song Q., Atiee G., Unger S. “A single-dose, microtracer study to determine the mass balance of orally administered, 14C-labeled sweetener in healthy adult men (LB450)”. The FASEB Journal. 2014. 28(1).

Ochiai M., Onishi K., Yamada T., Iida T., Matsuo T. “D-psicose increases energy expenditure and decreases body fat accumulation in rats fed a high-sucrose det”. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2014; 65(2):245-250.

Chung YM., et al. “Dietary D-psicose reduced visceral fat mass in high-fat diet-induced obese rats”. J Food Sci.2012; 77(2): H53-H58.

Hayashi N., et al. “Weight reducing effect and safety evaluation of rare sugar syrup by a randomized double-blind, parallel-group study in human”. J of Functional Foods. 2014; 11: 152-159.

Agave Nectar or Syrup (Agave spp.)

Bowen, S., and A. Valenzuela Zapata. 2009. Geographical indications, terroir, and socioeconomic and ecological sustainability: the case of tequila. Journal of Rural Studies. 25(1): 108—119.

Burwell, T. 1995. Bootlegging on a desert mountain: The political ecology of Agave (Agave spp.) demographic change in the Sonora River Valley, Sonora, Mexico. Human Ecology. 23(3): 407—432.

Dalton, R. 2005. Saving the agave. Nature. 438: 1070—1071.

Martínez-Salvador, M., L. Beltrán-Morales, R. Valdez-Capeda, H.R. Arias, E. Troyo-Dieguez, B. Murillo-Amador, J.J. Galindo, and A. Ortega-Rubio. 2007. Assessment of sustainability performance on the utilization of Agave (Agave salmiana spp. crassispina) in Zacatecas, Mexico. International Journal of Sustainable Development and World Ecology. 14(4): 362—370.

Molina-Freaner, F. and L.E. Equiarte. 2003. The pollination biology of two paniculate agaves (Agaveaceae) from northwestern Mexico: contrasting roles of bats as pollinators. American Journal of Botany. 90(7): 1016—1027.

Patent Storm. 1998. US Patent 5846333. Method of producing fructose syrup from agave plants.

Scott, P.E. 2004. Timing of Agave palmeri flowering and nectar-feeding bat visitation in the Peloncillos and Chiricahua Mountains. The Southwestern Naturalist. 49(4): 425—434.

Slauson, L.A. 2000. Pollination biology of two chiropterophilous agaves in Arizona. American Journal of Botany. 87(6): 825—836.

Tapioca Syrup (Manihot esculenta)

Ocloo, F.C.K., and G.S. Ayernor. 2006. Physical, chemical and microbiological changes in alcoholic fermentation of sugar syrup from cassava flour. African Journal of Biotechnology. 7(2): 164—168.

Silva, R. do N., F.P. Quintino, V.N. Montiero, and E.R. Asquieri. 2008. Production of glucose and fructose syrups from cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) starch using enzymes produced by microorganisms isolated from Brazilian Cerrado soil. Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos. 30(1): 213—217.

Tonukari, N.J. 2004. Cassava and the future of starch. Electronic Journal of Biotechnology. 7(1): 5—8.

Aspartame

Abdollahi, M., J. Sarrafzdeh, S. Nikfar, and F. Roshanzamir. 2003. Mechanism of aspartame-induced antinociception in mice. Indian Journal of Pharmacology. 35(1): 37—41.

Alleva, R., B. Borghi, L. Santarelli, E. Strafella, D. Carbonari, M. Bracci, and M. Tomasetti. 2011. In vitro effect of aspartame in angiogenesis induction. Toxicology In Vitro. 25(1): 286—293.

AlSuhaibani, E.S. 2010. In vivo cytogenetic studies on aspartame. Comparative and Functional Genomics. Vol. 2010. Article ID 605921. 4 pages.

Belpoggi, F., M. Soffritti, M. Padovani, D. Degli Espositi, M. Lauriola, and F. Minardi. 2006. Results of long-term carcinogenicity biassay on Sprague-Dawley rats exposed to aspartame administered in feed. Annals of the New York Academy of Science. 1076: 559—577.

Bergstrom, B.P., D.R. Cummings, and T.A. Skaggs. 2007. Aspartame decreases evoked extracellular dopamine levels in the rat brain: an in vivo voltammetry study. Neuropharmacology. 53(8): 967—974.

Burkhart, C.G. 2009. ‘Lone’ atrial fibrillation precipitated by monosodium glutamate and aspartame. International Journal of Cardiology. 137(3): 307—308.

Eigenmann, P.A., and J.M. James. 2008. The respiratory tract and food hypersensitivity. Chapter 12. Pp. 144—156 in D.D. Metcalfe, H.A. Sampson, and R.A. Simon. Food Allergy: Adverse Reactions to Foods and Food Additives. 4^th ed. Blackwell Publishing. Malden, Massachusetts.

Fernstrom, J.D., and M.H. Fernstrom. 2007. Tyrosine, phenylalanine, and catecholamine synthesis and function in the brain. Journal of Nutrition. Aromatic Amino Acids and Related Substances: Chemistry, Biology, Medicine, and Application. 137(6): 1539S—1574S.

Fountain, S.B., S.K. Hennes, and T.J. Teyler. 1988. Aspartame exposure and in vitro hippocampal slice excitability and plasticity. Fundamental and Applied Toxicology. 11(2): 221—228.

Halldorsson, T.I., M. Strøm, S.B. Petersen, and S.F. Olsen. 2010. Intake of artificially sweetened soft drinks and risk of preterm delivery: a prospective cohort study in 59,334 Danish pregnant women. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition.92(3): 626—633.

Holder, M.D., and R. Yirmiya. 1989. Behavioral assessment of the toxicity of aspartame. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior. 32(1): 17—26.

Humphries, P., E. Pretorius, and H. Naudé. 2008. Direct and indirect cellular effects of aspartame on the brain.European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 62(4): 451—462.

Ishii, H. 1981. Incidence of brain tumors in rats fed aspartame. Toxicology Letters. 7(6): 433—437.

Kavet, R., and K.M. Nauss. 1990. The toxicity of inhaled methanol vapors. Critical Reviews in Toxicology. 21(1): 21—50.

Magnuson, B.A., G.A. Burdock, J. Doull, R.M. Kroes, G.M. Marsh, M.W. Pariza, P.S. Spencer, W.J. Waddell, R. Walker, and G.M. Williams. 2007. Aspartame: a safety evaluation based on current use levels, regulations, and toxicological and epidemiological studies. Critical Reviews in Toxicology. 37(8): 629–727.

Maher, T.J. 1987. Natural food constituents and food additives: the pharmacological connection. Special Notice. The Fourth Annual Aspen Allergy Conference. Given Institute, Aspen, CO. July 1986. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 79(3): 413—422.

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Portela, G.S., R. Azoubel, and F. Batigália. 2007. Effects of aspartame on maternal-fetal and placental weights, length of umbilical cord and fetal liver: a kariometric experimental study. International Journal of Morphology. 25(3): 549—554.

Rajasekar, P., P. Subramanian, and T. Manivasagam. 2004. Circadian variations of biochemical variables in aspartame treated rats. Pharmaceutical Biology. 42(1): 1—7.

Ranney, R.E., and J.A. Oppermann. 1979. A review of the metabolism of the aspartyl moiety of aspartame in experimental animals and man. Journal of Environmental Pathology and Toxicology. 2(4): 979—985. In R. Alleva et al. 2011. Toxicology In Vitro. 25(1): 286—293.

Simintzi, I., K.H. Schulpis, P. Angelogianni, C. Liapi, and S. Tsakiris. 2007. The effect of aspartame on acetylcholinesterase activity in hippocampal homogenates of suckling rats. Pharmacological Research. 56(2): 155—159.

Simintzi, I., K.H. Schulpis, P. Angelogianni, C. Liapi, and S. Tsakiris. 2008. L-Cysteine and glutathione restore the modulation of rat frontal cortex Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase activity induced by aspartame metabolites. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 46(6): 2074—2079.

Smith, J.D., C.M. Terpening, S.O.F. Schmidt, and J.G. Gums. 2001. Relief of fibromyalgia symptoms following discontinuation of dietary excitotoxins. 35(6): 702—706.

Soffritti, M., F. Belpoggi, D. Degli Esposti, and L. Lambertini. 2005. Aspartame induces lymphomas and leukaemias in rats. European Journal of Oncology. 10(2): 107—116.

Soffritti, M., F. Belpoggi, E. Tibaldi, D. Degli Esposti, and M. Lauriola. 2007. Life-span exposure to low doses of aspartame beginning during prenatal life increases cancer effects in rats. Environmental Health Perspectives. 115(9): 1293—1297.

Soffritti, M., F. Belpoggi, D. Degli Esposti, L. Lambertini, E. Tibaldi, and A. Rigano. 2009. First experimental demonstration of the multipotential carcinogenic effects of aspartame administered in the feed to Sprague-Dawley rats. Environmental Health Perspectives. 114(3): 379—385.

Soffritti, M., F. Belpoggi, M. Manservigi, E. Tibaldi, M. Lauriola, L. Falcioni, and L. Bua. 2010. Aspartame administered in feed, beginning prenatally through life span, induces cancers of the liver and lung in male Swiss mice. American Journal of Industrial Medicine. 53(12): 1197—1206.

Sturgeon, S.R., P. Hartge, D.T. Silverman, A.F. Kantor, W. M. Linehan, C. Lynch, and R.N. Hoover. 1994. Associations between bladder cancer risk factors and tumor stage and grade at diagnosis. Epidemiology. 5(2): 218—225.

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Trocho, C., R. Pardo, I. Rafecas, J. Virgili, X. Remesar, J.A. Fernandez-Lopez, and M. Alemany. 1998. Formaldehyde derived from dietary aspartame binds to tissue components in vivo. Life Sciences. 63(5): 337—349.

Vences-Mejí́a, A., N. Labra-Ruí́z, N Herná́ndez-Martínez, V. Dorado-Gonzá́lez, J. Gó́mez-Garduño, I. Pérez-López, R. Nosti-Palacios, R. Camacho Carranza, and J.J. Espinosa-Aguirre. 2006. The effect of aspartame on rat brain xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes. Human and Experimental Toxicology. 25(8): 453—459.

Sucralose (Splenda^TM)

Abou-Donia, M.B., E.M. El-Masry, E.A. Abdel-Rahman, R.E. McLendon, and S.S. Schiffman. 2008. Splenda alters gut microflora and increases intestinal p-glycoprotein and cytochrome p-450 in male rats. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A. 71(21): 1415—1429.

Binns, N.M. 2003. Sucralose—all sweetness and light. Nutrition Bulletin. 28(1): 53—58.

Brusick, D., J.F. Borzelleca, M. Gallo, G. Williams, J. Kille, A.W. Hayes, F.X. Pi-Suner, C. Williams, and W. Burks. 2009. Expert Panel report on a study of Splenda in male rats. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology. 55(1): 6—12.

Brusick, D., V.L. Grotz, R. Slesinski, C.L. Kruger, and A.W. Hayes. 2010. The absence of genotoxicity of sucralose. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 48(11): 3067—3072.

Chattopadhyay, S., U. Raychaudhuri, and R. Chakraborty. 2011. Artificial sweeteners—a review. Journal of Food Science and Technology. Published online 21 October. doi: 10.1007/s13197-011-0571-1.

Finn, J.P., and G.H. Lord. 2000. Neurotoxicity studies on sucralose and its hydrolysis products with special reference to histopathologic and ultrastructural changes. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 38(Suppl. 2): S7—S17.

Ford, H.E., V. Peters, N.M. Martin, M.L. Sleeth, M.A. Ghatei, G.S. Frost, and S.R. Bloom. 2011. Effects of oral ingestion of sucralose on gut hormone response and appetite in healthy normal-weight subjects. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 65(4): 508—513.

Grice, H.C., and L.A. Goldsmith. 2000. Sucralose—an overview of the toxicity data. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 38(Suppl. 2): S1—S6.

Grotz, V.L., R.R. Henry, J.B. McGill, M.J. Prince, H. Shamoon, J.R. Trout, and F.X. Pi-Sunyer. 2003. Lack of effect of sucralose on glucose homeostasis in subjects with type 2 diabetes. Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 103(12): 1607—1612.

Jang, H.-J., Z. Kokrashvili, M.J. Theodorakis, O.D. Carlson, B.-J. Kim, J. Zhou, H.H. Kim, X. Xu, S.L. Chan, M. Juhaszova, M. Bernier, B. Mosinger, R.F. Margolskee, and J.M. Egan. 2007. Gut-expressed gustducin and taste receptors regulate secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 104(38): 15069—15074.

Ma, J., J. Chang, H.L. Checklin, R.L. Young, K.L. Jones, M. Horowitz, and C.K. Rayner. 2010. Effect of the artificial sweetener, sucralose, on small intestinal glucose absorption in healthy human subjects. British Journal of Nutrition. 104(6): 803—806.

Mace, O.J., J. Affleck, N. Patel, and G.L. Kellett. 2007. Sweet taste receptors in rat small intestine stimulate glucose absorption through apical GLUT2. Journal of Physiology. 582(Part 1): 379—392.

McLean Baird, I., N.W. Shephard, R.J. Merritt, and G. Hildick-Smith. 2000. Repeated dose study of sucralose tolerance in human subjects. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 38(Suppl. 2): S123—S129.

Memon, M.Q., T. Bennett, and I.A. Macdonald. 2011. Haemodynamic effects of fructose and sucralose in healthy, white Caucasian males. Journal of Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences. 10(1): 3—10.

Molinary, S.V., and M.E. Quinlan. 2008. Sucralose. Chapter 8, pages 130—145. In H. Mitchell (ed). Sweeteners and Sugar Alternatives in Food Technology. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Ames, IA.

Renwick, A.G., and S.V. Molinary. 2010. Sweet-taste receptors, low-energy sweeteners, glucose absorption and insulin release. British Journal of Nutrition. 104(10): 1415—1420.

Sasaki, Y.F., S. Kawaguchi, A. Kamaya, M. Ohshita, K. Kabasawa, K. Iwama, K. Taniguchi, and S. Tsuda. 2002. The comet assay with 8 mouse organs: results with 39 currently used food additives. Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenicity. 519(1—2): 103—119.

Scientific Committee on Food (SCF). 2000. Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Food on sucralose. European Commission Health and Consumer Protection Directorate-General. SCF/CS/ADD/EDUL/190 Final. 25 pages.

Sham, C.W. 2005. Splenda—a safe and sweet alternative to sugar. Nutrition Bytes. 10(2): 1—5.

Sims, J., A. Roberts, J.W. Daniel, and A.G. Renwick. 2000. The metabolic fate of sucralose in rats. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 38(Suppl. 2): S115—S121.

Tandel, K.R. 2011. Sugar substitutes: health controversy over perceived benefits. Journal of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy. 2(4): 236—243.

Weber, R.W. 2008. Neurological reactions to foods and food additives. Chapter 42, page 531—542. In D.D. Metcalfe, H.A. Sampson, and R.A. Simon (eds). Food Allergy. Adverse Reactions to Foods and Food Additives. 4^th edition. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Malden, MA.

Worthley, D.L., R.K. Le Leu, V.L. Whitehall, M. Conlon, C. Christopherson, D. Belobradjic, K.-A. Mallitt, Y. Hu, N. Irahara, S. Ogino, B.A. Leggett, and G.P. Young. 2009. A human, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial of prebiotic, probiotic, and synbiotic supplementation: effects on luminal, inflammatory, epigenetic, and epithelial biomarkers of colorectal cancer. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 90(3): 578—586.

Artichoke references

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Nadova, S et al. Growth inhibitory effect of ethyl acetate-soluble fraction of Cynara cardunculus L. in leukemia cells involves cell cycle arrest, cytochrome c release and activation of caspases. Phytother Res. 2008; 22(2): 165-8

Loi, B et al. Reducing effect of a combination of Phaseolus vulgaris and Cynara scolymus extracts on food intake and glycemia in rats. Phytother Res. 2013; 27(2): 258-63

Chapter 4:

How it feels to react to sugar section:

Avena, Nicole M., et al. After daily bingeing on a sucrose solution, food deprivation induces anxiety and accumbens dopamine/acetylcholine imbalance. Physiology & behavior (2008).

Chepulis, Lynne M., et al. The effects of long-term honey, sucrose or sugar-free diets on memory and anxiety in rats. Physiology & behavior 97.3 (2009): 359-368.

Lenoir M., et al. “Intense sweetness surpasses cocaine reward”. PLoS One. 2007: 2(8): e698.

Pepino M., Mennella J. “Sucrose-induced analgesia is related to sweet preferences in children but not adults”. Pain. 2005: 119(3): 210-218.

Ahmed SH., Guillem K., Vandaele Y. ”Sugar addiction: pushing the drug-sugar analogy to the limit”. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2013: 16(4): 434-439.

Rada P., Avena NM, Hoebel BG. “Daily bingeing on sugar repeatedly releases dopamine in the accumbens shell”. Neuroscience. 2005: 134(3): 737-744.

Judith Wurtman, PhD, former research scientist, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Mass.; co-author, The Serotonin Power Diet.

Edward Abramson, PhD, professor emeritus of psychology, California State University, Chico; author, Emotional Eating.

Wurtman, R. Scientific American, January 1989; vol 260: pp 68-75.

Corsica, J. Eating Behaviors, December 2008; vol. 9: pp 447-454.

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Aan het Rot M., et al. “Bright light exposure during acute tryptophan depletion prevents a lowering of mood in mildly seasonal women”. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2008: 18(1): 14-23.

Wallace C., Milev R. “The effects of probiotics on depressive symptoms in humans : a systematic review”. Annals of General Psychiatry. 2017: 16: 14.

Jenkins T., et al. “Influence of tryptophan and serotonin on mood and cognition with a possible role of the gut-brain axis”. Nutrients. 2016: 8(1): 56.

Berg JM., Tymoczko JL., Stryer L. Biochemistry. 5^th Edition. W H Freeman: New York. Section 30.2.

Amodeo G., Allegra Trusso M., Fagiolini A. “Depression and inflammation: disentangling a clear yet complex and multifaceted link”. Neuropsychiatry. 2017; 7(4).

Gangwisch J., Hale L., Garcia L., Malaspina D., Opler M., Payne M., Rossom R., Lane D. “High glycemic index diet as a risk factor for depression: analyses from the Women’s Health Initiative”. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2015; 102:2: 454-463.

Hajnal A., Norgren R. “Repeated access to sucrose augments dopamine turnover in the nucleaus accumbens”. Neuroreport. 2002: 13(17): 2213-2216.

Knuppel A., Shipley M., Llewellyn C., Brunner E. “Sugar intake from sweet food and beverages, common mental disorder and depression: prospective findings from the Whitehall II study”. Sci Rep. 2017; 7: 6287.

Koekkoek L., Mul J., la Fleur S. “Glucose-Sensing in the Reward System”. Front Neurosci. 2017; 11: 716.

Pase M., Himali J., Jacques P., DeCarli C., Satizabal C., Aparicio H., Vasan R., Beiser A., Seschadri S. “Sugary beverage intake and preclinical Alzheimer’s disease in the community". Journal of the Alzheimer’s Association.2017 ; 13(9) : 955-964.

Spangler R., Wittkowski KM., Goddard NL., Avena NM, Hoebel BG., Leibowitz SF. “Opiate-like effects of sugar on gene expression in rewards areas of the rat brain”. Brain Res Mol Crain Res. 2004; 124(2): 134-142.

St-Onge MP., Mikic A., Pietrolungo C. “Effects of diet on sleep quality”. Adv Nutr. 2016; 7(5): 938-949.

St-Onge MP., Roberts A., Schechter A., Choudhury A. “Fiber and saturated fat are associated with sleep arousals and slow wave sleep”. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine. 2016: 12(1):19-24.

Weinstein A. “Computer and video game addiction – a comparison between game users and non-game users”. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 2010: 36(5): 268-276.

Hoon J. et al. “Association between the dopamine transporter gene (DAT1) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder-related traits in healthy adults”. Psychiatric Genetics. 2015: 25(3): 119-126.

Evans et al. “Acute ingestion of caffeinated chewing gum improves repeated sprint performance of team sport athletes with low habitual caffeine consumption”. Int J Sport Nut Ex Met. 2017: 28(3): 221-227.

Cappelletti S., Daria P., Sani G., Aromatario M. “Caffeine: cognitive and physical performance enhancer or psychoactive drug?” Curr Neuropharmacol. 2015: 13(1): 71-88.

Liao Y. et al. “Efficacy of omega-3 PUFAs in depression : a meta-analysis”. Translational Psychiatry. 2019: 190.

Chen C., et al. “Association between omega-3 fatty acids consumption and the risk of type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of cohort studies”. Journal of Diabetes Investigation. 2017: 8(4): 480-488.

Patrick R., Ames B. “Vitamin D hormone regulates serotonin synthesis. Part 1: relevance for autism”. The FASEB Journal. 2014: 18: 1-16.

Sabir M. et al. “Optimal vitamin D spurs serotonin: 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D represses serotonin reuptake transport (SERT) and degradation (MAO-A) gene expression in cultured rat serotonergic neuronal cell lines”. Genes & Nutrition. 2018: 13: 19.

Kjaer TW. Et al. „Increased dopamine tone during meditation-indused change of consciousness”. Brain Res Cogn Brain Res. 2002: 13(2): 255-259.

Volkow N. et al. "Evidence that sleep deprivation downregulates dopamine D2R in ventral striatum in the human brain”. The Journal of Neuroscience. 2012: 32(19): 6711-6717.

Mooventhan A., Nivethitha L. “Scientifc evidence-based effects of hydrotherapy on various systems of the body”. N Am J Med Sci. 2014: 6(5): 199-209.

Brickman; Campbell (1971). Hedonic relativism and planning the good society. New York: Academic Press. pp. 287–302. in M. H. Apley, ed., Adaptation Level Theory: A Symposium, New York: Academic Press

Easterbrook, Gregg. The Progress Paradox: How Life Gets Better While People Feel Worse (Random House, 2003). ISBN 0812973038)

Breit S., Kupferberg A., Rogler G., Hasler G. ”Vagus nerve as modulator of the brain-gut axis in psychiatric and inflammatory disorders”. Front Psychiatry. 2018: 9: 44.

Tanjaniina Laukkanen, Hassan Khan, Francesco Zaccardi, Jari A. Laukkanen. ”Association Between Sauna Bathing and Fatal Cardiovascular and All-Cause Mortality Events”. JAMA Internal Medicine, 2015

Sanchez M. et al. “Probiotic Bifidobacterium longum NCC3001 reduces depression scores and alters brain activity: a pilot study in patients with irritable bowel syndrome ». Gastroenterology. 2017

Dinan TG., Stanton C., Cryan JF. “Psychobiotics: a novel class of psychotropic”. Biol Psychiatry. 2013: 74(10): 720-726.

Lew LC., et al. “Probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum P8 alleviated stress and anxiety while enhancing memory and cognition in stressed adults: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study”. Clin Nutr. 2019: 38(5): 2053-2064.

Farzi A., Frohlich E., Holzer P. “Gut microbiota and the neuroendocrine system”. Neurotherapeutics. 2018: 15(1): 5-22.

Gareau M. et al. “Probiotic treatment of rat pups normalises corticosterone release and ameliorates colonic dysfunction induced by maternal separation”. Gut. 2007: 56(11): 1522-1528.

WansinkB., Sobal J. "Mindless eating: the 200 daily food decisions we overlook”. Sage Journals. 2007.

Johnson R., Wilson C. “A review of vagus nerve stimulation as a therapeutic intervention”. J inflamm Res. 2018: 11: 203-213.

Breil S., et al. "Vagus nerve as modulator of the brain-gut axis in psychiatric and inflammatory disorders”. Front Psychiatry. 2018: 9:44

Barral JP., Croibier A. « Chapter 22 – Vagus nerve » Manual Therapy for the Cranial Nerves. 2009: pages 191-207.

Johnson RL., Wilson CG. “A review of vagus nerve stimulation as a therapeutic intervention”. Journal of Inflammation research. 2018: 11: 203-213.

Part 2:

Arguin, H., I.J. Dionne, M. Sénéchal, D.R. Bouchard, A.C. Carpentier, J.L. Ardilouze, A. Tremblay, C. Leblanc, and M. Brochu. 2012. Short- and long-term effects of continuous versus intermittent restrictive diet approaches on body composition and the metabolic profile in overweight and obese postmenopausal women: a pilot study. Menopause. 19(8): 870-876.

Dannecker, E.A., Y. Liu, R.S. Rector, T.R. Thomas, S.P. Sayers, C. Leeuwenburgh, and B.K. Ray BK. 2012. The effect of fasting on indicators of muscle damage. Experimental Gerontology. 22. pii: S0531-5565(12)00319-1. doi: 10.1016/j.exger.2012.12.006. Epub ahead of print.

Faris, M.A., S. Kacimi, R.A. Al-Kurd, M.A. Fararjeh, Y.K. Bustanji, M.K. Mohammad, and M.L. Salem. 2012. Intermittent fasting during Ramadan attenuates proinflammatory cytokines and immune cells in healthy subjects. Nutrition Research. 32(12): 947-955.

Wan, R., I. Ahmet, M. Brown, A. Cheng, N. Kamimura, M. Talan, and M.P. Mattson. 2009. Cardioprotective effect of intermittent fasting is associated with an elevation of adiponectin levels in rats. Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry. 21(5):413-417.

Williams, K.V., M.L. Mullen, D.E. Kelley, and R.R. Wing. 1998. The effect of short periods of caloric restriction on weight loss and glycemic control in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 21(1):2-8.

Harvie, Michelle N., Mary Pegington, Mark P. Mattson, Jan Frystyk, Bernice Dillon, Gareth Evans, Jack Cuzick et al. "The effects of intermittent or continuous energy restriction on weight loss and metabolic disease risk markers: a randomized trial in young overweight women." International journal of obesity 35, no. 5 (2011): 714-727.

Johnson, J. B., S. John, and D. R. Laub. "Pretreatment with alternate day modified fast will permit higher dose and frequency of cancer chemotherapy and better cure rates." Medical hypotheses 72, no. 4 (2009): 381-382.

Mattson, Mark P., Wenzhen Duan, and Zhihong Guo. "Meal size and frequency affect neuronal plasticity and vulnerability to disease: cellular and molecular mechanisms." Journal of neurochemistry 84, no. 3 (2003): 417-431.

Kim, Insil, and John J. Lemasters. "Mitochondrial degradation by autophagy (mitophagy) in GFP-LC3 transgenic hepatocytes during nutrient deprivation." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 300, no. 2 (2011): C308-C317.

Harber, Matthew P., Adam R. Konopka, Bozena Jemiolo, Scott W. Trappe, Todd A. Trappe, and Paul T. Reidy. "Muscle protein synthesis and gene expression during recovery from aerobic exercise in the fasted and fed states." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 299, no. 5 (2010): R1254-R1262.

Bergamini, Ettore. "Autophagy: a cell repair mechanism that retards ageing and age-associated diseases and can be intensified pharmacologically." Molecular aspects of medicine 27, no. 5-6 (2006): 403-410.

Yin J., Zing H., Ye J. “Efficacy of berbering in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus”. Metabolism. 2008; 57(5): 712-717.

Chang W., Chen L., Hatch GM. “Berberine as a therapy for type 2 diabetes and its complications: from mechanisms of action to clinical studies”. Biochem Cell Biol. 2015: 93(5): 479-486.

Pang B., Zhao LH., Zhou Q., Zhao TY., Wang H., Gu CJ., Tong XL. “Application of berberine on treating type 2 diabetes mellitus”. Int J Endocrinol. 2015.

Jayawardena R., Ranasinghe R., and Katulanda P. “Effects of zinc supplementation on diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis”. Diabetol Metab Syndr. 2012: 4(13).

Akbari M., Ostadmohammadi V., Lankarani KB., Tabrizi R., Kolahdooz F., Khatibi SR., Asemi Z. “The effects of alpha-lipoic acid supplementation on glucose control and lipid profiles among patients with metabolic diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials”. Metabolism. 2018; 87: 56-69.

Vallianou N., Evangelopoulos A., Koutalas P. “Alpha-lipoic acid and diabetic neuropathy”. Rev Diabet Stud. 2009; 6(4): 230-236.

Efird J., Choi Y., Davies S., Mehra S., Anderson E., Katunga L. „Potential for improved glycemic control with dietar Momordica charantia in patients with insulin resistance and pre-diabetes”. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2014: 11: 2328-2345.

Jamshidi N., Cohen M. “The clinical efficacy and safety of tulsi in humans: a systematic review of the literature”. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2017.

Balk E., Tatsioni A., Lichtenstein A., Lau J., Pittas A. “Effect of chromium supplementation on glucose metabolism and lipids: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials”. Diabetes Care: 2007: 30(8): 2154-2163.

Anton S., Morrison C., Williamson D. “Effects of chromium picolinate on food intake and satiety”. Diabetes technology & Therapeutics”. 2008: 10(5): 405-412.

Ranade M., Mudgalkar N. “A simple dietary addition of fenugreek seed leads to the reduction in blood glucose levels: a parallel group, randomized single-blind trial”. Ayu. 2017: 38(1-2): 24-27.

Knott E., Richard A., Bruce-Keller A. “Fenugreek supplementation during high-fat feeding improves specific markers of metabolic health”. Sci Rep. 2017: 7: 12770

Fedacko J., Singh RB., Niaz MA, et al. “Fenugreek seeds decrease blood cholesterol and blood glucose as an adjunct to diet therapy in patients with hypercholesterolemia”. World Heart Journal. 2016: 8(3): 239-249.

“Vaccinium myrtillus (Bilberry)”. Alternative Medicine Review. 2001: 6(5):500-504.

Hoggard N., Cruickshank M., Moar KM., Bestwick C., HolstJJ., Russell W., Horgan G. “A single supplement of a standardised bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) extract (36 % wet weight anthocyanins) modifies glycaemic response in individuals with type 2 diabetes controlled by diet and lifestyle”. J. Nutr Sci. 2013: 24: e22.

McDougall GJ., Kulkarni NN., Stewart D. “Current developments on the inhibitory effects of berry polyphenols on digestive enzymes”. Biofactors. 2008; 34(1): 73-80.

Bhattacharyaa. 2003. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior. 75: 547—555. DiMeglio DP., Mattes RD. “Liquid versus solid carbohydrate: effects on food intake and body weight”. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2000: 24(6): 794-800.

General References:

Bantle JP. ”Dietary fructose and metabolic syndrome and diabetes”. J Nutr. 2009: 139(6): 1263S-1268S.

Rippe J., Angelopoulos T. “Relationship between added sugars consumption and chronic disease risk factors: current understanding”. Nutrients. 2016; 8(11): 697.

Bawa A., Anilakumar K. « Genetically modified foods: safety, risks, and public concerns: a review”. J Food Sci Technol. 2013; 50(6): 1035-1046.

Mahoney D., Hiebert J., Pierce J. “Understanding D-ribose and mitochondrial function”. Adv Biosci Clin Med. 2018: 6 (1): 1-5.

Teitelbaum JE., Johnson C., St Cyr J. ”The use of D-ribose in chronic fatigue syndrome and fibromyalgia: a pilot study”. J Altern Complement Med. 2006; 12(9): 857-862.

Supplements that help you break up with Sugar:

Sambeat A., et al. “Endogenous nicotinamide riboside metabolism protects against diet-induced liver damage”. Nature communications. 2019; 10.

References on supplements for reducing cravings and balancing blood sugar:

Yin J., Zing H., Ye J. “Efficacy of berbering in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus”. Metabolism. 2008; 57(5): 712-717.

Chang W., Chen L., Hatch GM. “Berberine as a therapy for type 2 diabetes and its complications: from mechanisms of action to clinical studies”. Biochem Cell Biol. 2015: 93(5): 479-486.

Pang B., Zhao LH., Zhou Q., Zhao TY., Wang H., Gu CJ., Tong XL. “Application of berberine on treating type 2 diabetes mellitus”. Int J Endocrinol. 2015.

Jayawardena R., Ranasinghe R., and Katulanda P. “Effects of zinc supplementation on diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis”. Diabetol Metab Syndr. 2012: 4(13).

Vallianou N., Evangelopoulos A., Koutalas P. “Alpha-lipoic acid and diabetic neuropathy”. Rev Diabet Stud. 2009; 6(4): 230-236.

Jamshidi N., Cohen M. “The clinical efficacy and safety of tulsi in humans: a systematic review of the literature”. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2017:

Anton S., Morrison C., Williamson D. “Effects of chromium picolinate on food intake and satiety”. Diabetes technology & Therapeutics”. 2008: 10(5): 405-412.

Ranade M., Mudgalkar N. “A simple dietary addition of fenugreek seed leads to the reduction in blood glucose levels: a parallel group, randomized single-blind trial”. Ayu. 2017: 38(1-2): 24-27.

Knott E., Richard A., Bruce-Keller A. “Fenugreek supplementation during high-fat feeding improves specific markers of metabolic health”. Sci Rep. 2017: 7: 12770.

“Vaccinium myrtillus (Bilberry)”. Alternative Medicine Review. 2001: 6(5):500-504.

McDougall GJ., Kulkarni NN., Stewart D. “Current developments on the inhibitory effects of berry polyphenols on digestive enzymes”. Biofactors. 2008; 34(1): 73-80.

Zhang D., Fu M., Gao S., Liu J. “Curcumin and diabetes: a systematic review”. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2013: 1-13.

References on Ketogenic Diet section:

McClernon F., Yancy W., Eberstein J. Atkins R., Westman E. “The effects of a low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet and a low-fat diet on mood, hunger, and other self-reported symptoms”. Obesity. (2007); 15: 182-187.

Paoli A., Grimaldi K., D’Agostino D., Cenci L., Moro T., Bianco A., Palma A. “Ketogenic diet does not affect strength performance in elite artistic gymnasts”. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition. (2012); 9: 1-9.

Rhyu H. Cho S., Roh H. “The effects of ketogenic diet on oxidative stress and antioxidative capacity markers of Taekwondo athletes”. Journal of Exercise Rehabilitation. (2014); 10: 362-366.

Samaha F., Iqbal N., Seshadri P., Chicano K. “A low-carbohydrate as compared with a low-fat diet in severe obesity”. The New England Journal of Medicine. (2003); 348: 2074-2081.

Stafstrom C., Rho J. “The ketogenic diet as a treatment paradigm for diverse neurological disorders”. Frontiers in Pharmacology. (2012); 3: 1-8.

Sumithran P., Prendergast L., Delbridge E., Purcell K., Shulkes A., Kriketos A., Poietto J. “Ketosis and appetite-mediating nutrients and hormones after weight loss”. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2013); 67: 759-764.

Volek J., Sharman M., Gomez A., Judelson D., Rubin M., Watson G., Sokmen B., Silvestre R., French D., Kraemer W. “Comparison of energy-restricted very low-carbohydrate and low-fat diets on weight loss and body composition in overweight men and women”. Nutrition and Metabolism. (2004); 1: 1-13.

Westman E., Yancy W., Mavropoulos J., Marquat M., McDuffie J. “The effect of a low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diet versus a low-glycemic index diet on glycemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus”. Nutr Metab (2005); 5: 1-9.

D’Andrea Meira I., et al. ”Ketogenic diet and epilepsy: what we know so far”. Front Neurosci. 2019: 13(5).

McDougall A., Bayley M., Munce SE. « The ketogenic diet as a treatment for traumatic brain injury : a scoping review ». Brain Inj. 2018: 32(4): 416-422.

Ketone Supplement References:

Poff A., et al. “Ketone supplementation decreases tumor cell viability and prolongs survival of mice with metastatic cancer”. Int J Cancer. 2014; 135(7): 1711-1720.

Reger M., et al. “Effects of B-hydroxybutyrate on cognition in memory-impaired adults”. Neurobiology of Aging. 2004; 25: 311-314.

Pinckaers P., et al. “Ketone bodies and exercise performance: the next magic bullet or merely hype?” Sports Med. 2017; 47(3): 383-391.

Mahendran Y., et al. “Association of ketone body levels with hyperglycemia and type 2 diabetes in 9,398 Finnish Men”. Diabetes. 2013: 62(10): 3618-3626.

Yin JX., et al. “Ketones block amyloid entry and improve cognition in an Alzheimer’s model”. Neurobiol Aging. 2016; 39: 25-37.

Henderson S. “Ketone bodies as a therapeutic for Alzheimer’s disease”. Neurotherapeutics. 2008; 5(3): 470-480.

Maalouf M., et al. “Ketones inhibit mitochondrial production of reactive oxygen species production following glutamate excitotoxicity by increasing NADH oxidation”. Neuroscience. 2007; 145(1): 256-264.

Wallace D., Fan W., Procaccio V. “Mitochondrial energetics and therapeutics”. Annu Rev Pathol. 2010: 5: 297-348.

Poff AM, et al. “Non-toxic metabolic management of metastatic cancer in VM mice: novel combination of ketogenic diet, ketone supplementation, and hyperbaric oxygen therapy”. PLoS One. 2015; 10(6):e0127407.

Youm Y., et al. “Ketone body B-hydroxybutyrate blocks the NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated inflammatory disease”. Nat Med. 2015; 21(3): 263-269.

Ari C., et al., “Exogenous ketone supplements reduce anxiety-related behavior in Sprague-Dawley and Wistar Albino Glaxo/Rijswijk rats”. Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience. 2016; 9: 137.

Kesl S., et al. “Effects of exogenous ketone supplementation on blood ketone, glucose, triglyceride, and lipoprotein levels in Sprague-Dawley rats”. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2016; 13: 9.

Pinckaers P., et al. “Ketone Bodies and exercise performance: the next magic bullet or merely hype?” Sports Med. 2017: 47(3): 383-391.

White H., Venkatesh B. “Clinical review: ketones and brain injury”. Crit Care. 2011: 15(2): 219.

Ciarlone S., et al. “Ketone ester supplementation attenuates seizure activity, and improves behavior and hippocampal synaptic plasticity in an Angelman syndrome mouse model”. Neurobiology of Disease. 2016; 96: 38-46.

Kephart W., et al. “The 1-week and 8-month effects of a ketogenic diet or ketone salt supplementation on multi-organ markers of oxidative stress and mitochondrial function in rats”. Nutrients. 2017; 9(9): 1019.

Gormsen L., et al. “Ketone body infusion with 3-hydroxybutyrate reduces myocardial glucose uptake and increases blood flow in humans: a positron emission tomography study”. Journal of the American Heart Association. 2017; 6(3): e005066.

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Inulin References:

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Your brain on sugar references:

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Recipes

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Author

Julie Daniluk

R.H.N.

Julie Daniluk is a nutritionist, award-winning author, TV host, anti-inflammatory food and sugar-free expert, and founder of Meals That Heal, Hot Detox, & Becoming Sugar-Free.

Becoming Sugar-Free ~ Cited Scientific References

Becoming Sugar-Free Is Backed By Science!

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